FC0-U61 Objective 4.3: Explain the Purpose and Use of Programming Concepts

Constant Declaration and Usage:

// Constant declarations
const double PI = 3.14159;
const int MAX_STUDENTS = 100;
const string SCHOOL_NAME = "Tech University";
const float TAX_RATE = 0.08;

// Using constants in calculations
double circleArea = PI * radius * radius;
int availableSlots = MAX_STUDENTS - enrolledStudents;
float taxAmount = purchaseAmount * TAX_RATE;

// Constants in conditions
if (studentCount > MAX_STUDENTS) {
    display("Class is full");
}

// Constants for configuration
const int TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 30;
const string DATABASE_URL = "localhost:5432";
const bool DEBUG_MODE = false;

Vector Declaration and Usage:

// Vector declarations
vector<int> studentScores;
vector<string> studentNames;
vector<double> prices;

// Adding elements to vectors
studentScores.push_back(85);
studentScores.push_back(92);
studentScores.push_back(78);
studentScores.push_back(96);
studentScores.push_back(88);

// Vector access and manipulation
int firstScore = studentScores[0];
int lastScore = studentScores.back();
int vectorSize = studentScores.size();

// Vector iteration
for (int i = 0; i < studentScores.size(); i++) {
    display("Student " + (i+1) + ": " + studentScores[i]);
}

// Vector operations
studentScores.pop_back();  // Remove last element
studentScores.insert(studentScores.begin() + 2, 90);  // Insert at position 2
studentScores.erase(studentScores.begin() + 1);  // Remove element at position 1

// Vector calculations
int total = 0;
for (int score : studentScores) {
    total += score;
}
double average = total / studentScores.size();

Function Advantages:

• Code reuse: Write once, use many times
• Modularity: Break complex problems into simple parts
• Readability: Make code more readable and understandable
• Debugging: Easier to debug individual functions
• Testing: Can test functions independently
• Maintenance: Easier to maintain and update code
• Abstraction: Hide complex implementation details
• Collaboration: Multiple developers can work on different functions

Method Examples:

// Enhanced Student class with methods
class Student {
    // Attributes
    string name;
    int age;
    double gpa;
    string major;
    bool isEnrolled;
    vector<string> courses;
    
    // Constructor
    Student(string n, int a, string m) {
        name = n;
        age = a;
        major = m;
        gpa = 0.0;
        isEnrolled = true;
    }
    
    // Methods
    void enrollCourse(string courseName) {
        courses.push_back(courseName);
        display(name + " enrolled in " + courseName);
    }
    
    void dropCourse(string courseName) {
        for (int i = 0; i < courses.size(); i++) {
            if (courses[i] == courseName) {
                courses.erase(courses.begin() + i);
                display(name + " dropped " + courseName);
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    
    void updateGPA(double newGPA) {
        if (newGPA >= 0.0 && newGPA <= 4.0) {
            gpa = newGPA;
            display(name + "'s GPA updated to " + to_string(gpa));
        } else {
            display("Invalid GPA. Must be between 0.0 and 4.0");
        }
    }
    
    string getGradeLevel() {
        if (gpa >= 3.5) return "Dean's List";
        else if (gpa >= 3.0) return "Good Standing";
        else if (gpa >= 2.0) return "Academic Probation";
        else return "Academic Suspension";
    }
    
    void displayInfo() {
        display("=== Student Information ===");
        display("Name: " + name);
        display("Age: " + to_string(age));
        display("Major: " + major);
        display("GPA: " + to_string(gpa));
        display("Grade Level: " + getGradeLevel());
        display("Enrolled: " + (isEnrolled ? "Yes" : "No"));
        display("Courses: " + to_string(courses.size()));
    }
}

// Using the Student class
Student student = new Student("Jane Doe", 21, "Engineering");
student.enrollCourse("Calculus I");
student.enrollCourse("Physics I");
student.updateGPA(3.75);
student.displayInfo();